{"id":600,"date":"2017-10-31T15:01:57","date_gmt":"2017-10-31T15:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mslw.sams.local\/?page_id=600"},"modified":"2020-08-17T04:07:40","modified_gmt":"2020-08-17T04:07:40","slug":"galls-on-laminaria-digitata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/?page_id=600","title":{"rendered":"Case 1: Galls on Laminaria digitata"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;margin-bottom: 50px;margin-top: 70px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 50px 0px 50px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h2>Case 1: Galls<em> on Laminaria digitata<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-1 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-1 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-search circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">1st step: The disease report<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>Galls found on a wild <em>Laminaria digitata <\/em>by YB. at the Atlantic\/Clachan Bridge, Argyll, Scotland (56\u00b019&#8217;02.7&#8243;N 5\u00b035&#8217;00.2&#8243;W) on the 11 July 2017.<\/p>\n<p>On this stipe, 3 pieces of tissues were harvested and each conserved in one tube of RNALater and in another tube of 4% PFA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On piece harvested on flattened area of the stipe (potentially without the pathogens)<\/li>\n<li>Two pieces harvested on two different galls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Comments: <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pictures of the full algae would have been helpful in case of species identification doubt.<\/li>\n<li>Pictures of a healthy alga make the comparison and the symptoms description easier.<\/li>\n<li>A tissue sample of a healthy alga would have help for the microscopy and the DNA analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-2 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-2 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-flask circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">2nd step: What we have done with this sample<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>Some material corresponding to all three areas harvested have been hand cuts and observed under a microscope.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-3 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-3 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-signal circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">3rd step: The results<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>All the tissues observed contain a filamentous brown algal endophyte, including the one harvested on flattened area of the stipe. As said before, a tissue sample of a healthy algae would have preferable.<\/p>\n<p>Closer observation shows it has helicoid plastids and, most likely, pyrenoids.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-4 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-4 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-envelope-o circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">4th step: Our feedback to you<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>The <em>Laminaria digitata <\/em>seems to be infected by a brown algal endophyte (ie. <em>Ectocarpus<\/em>, <em>Laminariocolax<\/em>, <em>Laminarionema<\/em>\u2026). According to the scientific literature, the prevalence of the endophytic algae could be quite high in a population. It can cause a range of symptom: galls, distorted stipes, crippled lamina, dark spot on the lamina, warts on the stipe but for the majority of the kelps, the infection is asymptomatic.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-zoomin\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"case1a\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a-1024x683.png\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a-272x182.png 272w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1a.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>The full stipe of <em>Laminaria digitata <\/em>and zoom on the galls.<\/p>\n<\/div><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-zoomin\" style=\"border:30px solid #ffffff;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"811\" alt=\"The stipe of Laminaria digitata infected by a brown algal endophyte under the confocal inverted microscope.\" title=\"case1-3\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1-3-1024x811.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-706\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1-3-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1-3-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1-3-1024x811.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/case1-3.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>The stipe of <em>Laminaria digitata <\/em>infected by a brown algal endophyte under the confocal inverted microscope.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-600","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=600"}],"version-history":[{"count":63,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3635,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/600\/revisions\/3635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}