{"id":1476,"date":"2018-01-15T12:42:20","date_gmt":"2018-01-15T12:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/?page_id=1476"},"modified":"2020-08-17T04:06:45","modified_gmt":"2020-08-17T04:06:45","slug":"1476-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/?page_id=1476","title":{"rendered":"Case 3: Outgrowth\/galls\/blisters on Palmaria palmata"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 70px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 50px 0px 50px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h2>Case 3: Outgrowth\/galls\/blisters on Palmaria palmata<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-1 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-1 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-search circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">1st step: The disease report<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>Many apparent outgrowth\/galls\/blisters on blades found on a wild <em>Palmaria palmata <\/em>by Dr Jane Pottas at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom (54.217252, -0.265953) on September 2016. The <em>Palmaria palmata <\/em>was epiphytic on <em>Laminaria hyperborea<\/em> stipes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-1 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-2 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-2 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-flask circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">2nd step: What we have done with this sample<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>We recovered a small pieces of the dry blade of <em>Palmaria palmata<\/em>, rehydrated it for 24 hours in sterile seawater. Then we made thin sections, incubated them in a fluorescent stain (calcofluor white) for rapid detection of yeasts, fungi and parasitic organisms under a microscope.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"475\" title=\"case31\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/case31.png\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/case31-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/case31.png 544w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p class=\"widget-title\">Outgrowths\/galls\/blisters on the blade of Palmaria palmata.<\/p>\n<\/div><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"717\" height=\"1024\" title=\"picture4\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture4-717x1024.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture4-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture4-717x1024.jpg 717w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture4-768x1096.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture4.jpg 933w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>The full blade of this <em>Palmaria palmata<\/em> have been dried quickly and press in an herbarium, before being sent to us.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;margin-bottom: 70px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-3 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-3 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-signal circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">3rd step: The results<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>The direct and the microscopic observations of the rehydrated <em>Palmaria palmata <\/em>show that the outgrowths observed are genuine galls with cell proliferation of the small celled epidermis\/cortex. The heart of the gall features disorganised cell structures. Many galls are heart-shaped and cells look healthy at first sight.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-3 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-content-boxes content-boxes columns row fusion-columns-1 fusion-columns-total-1 fusion-content-boxes-4 content-boxes-icon-with-title content-left\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-content-boxes-4 .heading .content-box-heading {color:#4c5166;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .heading-link .content-box-heading,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover:before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .fusion-read-more:hover,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::after,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover.link-area-box .fusion-read-more::before,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .icon .circle-no,\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .heading .heading-link:hover .content-box-heading {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .icon .circle-no {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button {background: #00bcd4;color: #ffffff;}.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text {color: #ffffff;}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon > span {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last content-box-column-last-in-row\"><div class=\"col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-box icon-hover-animation-fade\" style=\"background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"heading heading-with-icon icon-left\"><div class=\"icon\"><i style=\"border-color:#4c5166;border-width:0px;background-color:#4c5166;box-sizing:content-box;height:42px;width:42px;line-height:42px;border-radius:50%;color:#ffffff;font-size:21px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fontawesome-icon fa fa-envelope-o circle-yes\"><\/i><\/div><h2 class=\"content-box-heading fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-size:20px;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.3;\">4th step: Our feedback to you<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"content-container\" style=\"color:#747474;\">\n<p>We are still investigating if the fungus is the cause of the gall formation, or if another microorganism might be responsible (e.g. virus, followed by an opportunistic colonisation of the galls by the fungus). Methods that we are employing range from molecular biology (e.g. PCR) and electron microscopy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .heading-link:hover .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box:hover .heading-link .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.fusion-content-boxes-4 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon i.circle-yes {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-color: #25afb4 !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"349\" title=\"picture5\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture5.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture5-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture5.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p class=\"widget-title\">Apparent proliferation of epidermis cells how look healthy at first sight (i.e. without staining).<\/p>\n<\/div><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"437\" height=\"346\" title=\"picture6\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture6.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-758\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture6-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture6.jpg 437w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/><\/span><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"420\" height=\"333\" title=\"picture7\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture7.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture7-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture7.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p class=\"widget-title\">Hyphal colonization in the gall (2a) and in the blade tissue (2b).<\/p>\n<\/div><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"421\" height=\"333\" title=\"picture8\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture8.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture8-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture8.jpg 421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/span><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"957\" height=\"758\" title=\"picture11\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture11.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture11-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture11-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture11.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p class=\"widget-title\">Late gall development in Palmaria palmata. The gall is breached and the fungal colonization seems absent.<\/p>\n<\/div><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"957\" height=\"758\" title=\"picture12\" src=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture12.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture12-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture12-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Picture12.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px\" \/><\/span><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1476","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1476"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3633,"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476\/revisions\/3633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalseaweed.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}